Based on the statements of authoritative Russian writers, philosophers, and public figures, the *Dictionary of the Russian Mentality* reconstructs the national characteristics of the Russian material, spiritual, and cultural environment, viewed against the backdrop of the European cultural values ??with which they intersect. Cultural distinctions and similarities are presented through an analytical description of Russian concepts in their substantive forms—encompassing images, notions, and symbols—thereby reflecting the origins and evolution of the popular worldview, ethics, and culture; furthermore, the work identifies various cultural influences and their consequences (both beneficial and undesirable).